Feast of the Holy Innocents

Today's readings: Jeremiah 31:15-17, Revelation 14:1-5, and Matthew 2:13-18 (sermon text).

Joseph protected his family in this reading. He is a prototype for all fathers, something spoken about infrequently in Scripture. How should one be a good father or husband? The Bible - unsurprisingly - is NOT about how to be a good person/father/mother/etc. So it doesn't talk much about it. It's about Christ.

We can glean five points from Scripture about parenting:

1. God is our true Father. Therefore, He is the model for all fathers.
2. God created an order for things. The first ranks of this order: Father > Son > husband > wife > children. Rejoice about this. Don't gripe.
3. This husbandly leadership should be done with love, respect, and honor (Colossians 3:19), not harshness.
4. Household leadership should be through teaching (one of the chief commands of Moses) - husbands teaching their wives and children what is right.
5. Husbands should love their wives as Christ loved the church (Ephesians 5:23).

We're all aliens in this world. Each human has a God complex, leading to a solitary, lonely, unfulfilled world. It's out of God's order. So go back to point 2. Adhere to it; accept that God is your Father. He loves you, is infinitely patient, and is the best Father. Therefore He enables human fathers to imitate Him too.

Lessons and Carols

From yesterday's order of service:

"Before the Marvel of This Night" as the Advent wreath and Christ candle were lit...

"In Dulci Jubilo" before the first (Genesis 3:8-15), second (Genesis 22:15-18), third (Isaiah 9:2, 6-7), fourth (Micah 5:2-4), and fifth (Luke 1:26-28) lessons...

"O Magnum Mysterium" before the sixth (Luke 2:1-7) lesson...

"The Virgin's Slumber Song" before the seventh (Luke 2:8-20) lesson...

"Il est ne" before the eighth (Matthew 2:1-11) and ninth (John 1:1-14) lessons...

"All is Well" to conclude the service. Unfortunately, I couldn't find a video with any arrangement of this. Pity.

Advent 4

Today's readings: 2 Samuel 7:1-11, 16; Romans 16:25-27; and Luke 1:26-38 (sermon text).

Medieval paintings of this scene depict God's power: His word goes from Gabriel's mouth to Mary's ear, conceiving Jesus Christ. But let's look at Elizabeth first. Her pregnancy was no accident either; six months previously God had likewise spoken to Zechariah. Elizabeth, barren, had then conceived John. Now with Mary, God chose to act in an out-of-the-way manner in an out-of-the-way place, Nazareth.

The Bible has few personality details for Mary and Joseph. Why? Answer: It's NOT about them! It's all about and pointing to Jesus Christ! He is the only reason for our home - blotting out our sin (the cause of hopelessness). But Christmas is NOT about hope either! Why do we think that the Word's byproducts are more important than the Word Himself? Let Christmas be about Christ for once!

The story is profound, not sentimental. Here are the details, given, that we need to know about the characters:

• Joseph is descended patrilineally from David, a fulfillment of God's promise (see the OT reading) to build His house from David's seed.
• Mary is favored because God chose to favor her. It's the same way for us saved ones - we are made BY GOD into the favored ones of God! She also happens to be descended from David.
• "You shall call His name JESUS." Note well: it's not "Hope" or "Peace," but rather "Yeshua" (Savior). Therefore turn to Him, the Everlasting King of the Everlasting Kingdom.

God has forgiven you your sins and reversed the work of the first Adam. And that's what Christmas is all about.

Have a blessed last week of Advent and prepare for a Christmas Eve post! Feast your ears also on "In Dulce Jubilo" and "O Magnum Mysterium."

Advent 3

Today's readings were Isaiah 61:1-4, 8-11 (sermon text); 1 Thessalonians 5:16-24; and John 1:6-8, 19-28.

Christmas letters may sometimes describe a bad year - but think about many consecutive bad ones! Captivity, oppression, punishment for sin - this is what Israel had been experiencing. There was heartache everywhere; people were downtrodden. At this point, the prophecy in our text was made, fulfilled and quoted by Christ. The Spirit of the Lord rested on Christ Jesus ("Anointed Savior") at His baptism. Of course, the Jews thought that the fulfillment would be physical only: freedom from Rome's rule. However, the Gospel brings spiritual deliverance.

He also binds up the "shattered of heart" (literal rendering). God desires that all of our hearts be "broken and contrite" (Psalm 51:17) that He may restore them to us. We have sinned against Him; therefore our hearts are against him, and therefore they must be broken.

Then comes the year of the Lord's favor. This isn't necessarily a 365-day year, but rather an era in our lives. Present suffering won't compare. The expression comes from the Year of Jubilee (every 50th), where land was restored and families were brought together. The Year of the Lord's Favor is far greater, since it lasts an eternity!

The Day of Vengeance, on the other hand, is a sobering contrast. God will judge all. Many who sing Christmas carols do not understand the Cross and are therefore lost. But remember that God's grace (YEAR) is greater than His judgment (DAY). The saved, the believers, we have the former. Our eternity is with Him because of Christ.

God's blessings on you all the rest of this Advent and beyond!

Biblical incorrectness gets one nowhere, as we can see

If only we built more Biblically correct creches (i.e. no Magi, a stone stable, tired parents, some cow manure, fearsome angels, and a red and wrinkly freshly-born Jesus), perhaps this would happen less often.

HT: The Stiletto; last night's dinner conversation.

Why I don't want a corporate job

Courtesy younger brother, from here.

Memo from Director General to Manager:
Today at 11 o'clock there will be a total eclipse of the sun. This is when the sun disappears behind the moon for two minutes. As this is something that cannot be seen every day, time will be allowed for employees to view the eclipse in the car park. Staff should meet in the car park at ten to eleven, when I will deliver a short speech introducing the eclipse, and giving some background information. Safety goggles will be made available at a small cost.

Memo from Manager to Department Head:
Today at ten to eleven, all staff should meet in the car park. This will be followed by a total eclipse of the sun, which will disappear for two minutes. For a moderate cost, this will be made safe with goggles. The Director General will deliver a short speech beforehand to give us all some background information. This is not something that can be seen every day.

Memo from Department Head to Floor Manager:
The Director General will today deliver a short speech to make the sun disappear for two minutes in the eclipse. This is something that can not be seen every day, so staff will meet in the car park at ten or eleven. This will be safe, if you pay a moderate cost.

Memo From Floor Manager to Supervisor:
Ten or eleven staff are to go to the car park, where the Director General will eclipse the sun for two minutes. This doesn't happen every day. It will be safe, but it will cost you.

Memo from Supervisor to staff:
Some staff will go to the car park today to see the Director General disappear. It is a pity this doesn't happen every day.

It's like 'Telephone' on steroids.

Advent 1 (St. Andrew)

Today's readings were Ezekiel 3:16-21, 1 Corinthians 1:3-9, and John 1:35-42a (sermon text).

The best thing that ever happened to St. Peter was the event of Andrew, his brother, telling him about Christ. Andrew was a disciple of John (in fulfillment of Isaiah 40 and Malachi 3 and 4); John's purpose was to open the way for Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God.

John's Gospel parallels Creation Week (in John, this ends at 2:1) to emphasize the fact of the new creation. John's disciples left him for Jesus because John had named Him the Lamb of God. This is our mission too: tell others about this Lamb, not just keep Him in your heart. All Jews were, since Abraham, anticipating the Messiah, especially at each Passover. Even though we don't pass on anticipations like this, we should still share the Messiah.

They had a different idea of what the Messiah should be, but at least Peter and Andrew had set their sights on the correct one. Christ enters our hearts likewise in the Sacraments and Word; then we pass Him on to others. Share the message of reconciliation that takes the place of judgment. The Gospel is a positive message, not just avoidance of hell (negation of negative). Therefore we look forward to being with our Abba - Daddy - forever. No matter how long it takes, Christ will come, fulfilling His Word. And we'll see Him face to face.

Spread the Gospel, telling of the Center of our lives, by word of mouth. We use our mouths to tell about other things - why not our most precious treasure, our Lord Jesus Christ? We have a sure eternity; spread it!

Happy New Year!

Three reasons not to abort

Reasons One and Two: These lovely twins in Britain, gestated and born under unhopeful circumstances.

Reason Three: Psychiatry, naturally.

Thanksgiving 2008: Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln's words, the Thanksgiving Proclamation of 1863, are fitting here.

It is the duty of nations as well as of people to own their dependence upon the overruling power of God, to confess their sin and transgressions in humble sorrow, yet with assured hope that genuine repentance will lead to mercy and pardon; and to recognize the sublime truth, announced in the Holy Scriptures and proven by all history, that those nations are blessed whose God is the Lord!

We have been the recipients of the choicest bounties of heaven; we have been preserved these many years in peace and prosperity; we have grown in numbers, wealth, and power as no other nation has ever grown.

But we have forgotten God. We have forgotten the gracious hand which preserved us in peace and multiplied and enriched and strengthened us, and we have vainly imagined, in the deceitfulness of our hearts, that all these blessings were produced by some superior wisdom and virtue of our own. Intoxicated with unbroken success, we have become too self-sufficient to feel the necessity of redeeming and preserving grace, too proud to pray to the God that made us.

It has seemed to me fit and proper that God should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged, as with one heart and one voice, by the whole American people.

I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November as a day of thanksgiving and praise to our beneficent Father who dwells in the heavens.

Amen.

Thanksgiving 2008: sermon notes

Today's readings were Deuteronomy 8:1-10, Philippians 4:4-13, and Luke 17:11-19 (sermon text).

What is it like to be near - but never with - your family? What's it like to be slowly dying? Is this prison? No; it's leprosy in first-century Israel. It's existence, not life. Therefore Christ, upon seeing the ten lepers, effectively says "Get a life!" He likewise gives life to all, including those afflicted by various hurts of body and spirit.

The world tells Christians to "get a life" in a different, hostile sense. But is this religion of ours really a crutch? Not if it relies on Jesus, the only Way, only Truth, only Life. We have life because He is life. The nine Jewish former lepers who didn't return to give thanks didn't realize this.

The blood of Christ crucified is the cure for the terminal disease, sin, of all people. Hence, by it we are cleansed to stand before God, as the lepers did, and to give thanks with our own Blood brothers and sisters in the whole Church! Rejoice and give thanks for all God's gifts today, including this most precious one. Be like the one Samaritan who came back: understand your terminal disease (in fact, it has already killed you if you haven't repented), come to Christ, and thank Him for the forgiveness He gives.

This service was at my home church, as will be Sunday's.

Tagged: 7 random facts about me

I've been tagged by Cheryl. Here goes...

1. I dream about organic chemistry in strange, mixed-up ways. For instance, a recent dream involved a milk cap that sprouted carbonyl groups as if it were cyclooctane.

2. I chew grain kernels as a snack, courtesy our 50-lb bags we purchase annually.

3. A good friend of mine is studying Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and theology; he also is in the process of putting the entire works of Mozart on his iPod. Talk about matching tastes!

4. In one of my classes this semester, I have a wonderful, grandfatherly professor. Said professor believes in teaching homeschool-style. As a result, we've been doing a lot of hands-on things, many food-related. Currently we have a mushroom farm going, as well as a batch of wine that's supposed to turn out dry and white...maybe a bit too much so at last inspection.

5. People still confuse me with my younger brother when we answer the phone. I like to think that he's my twin, only born three years after.

6. I get an endorphin surge before, during, and after exams. This comes in handy quite often.

7. Finally...I'm going home in about five hours!

Whom to tag? Or shall I have mercy? If you read this post, consider yourself tagged if you want.

Christ the King Sunday

...a.k.a. the last Sunday of the Church year! I'll be worshiping at my home church next Sunday to kick off Advent. Today's readings were Ezekiel 34:11-16, 20-24; 1 Corinthians 15:20-28; and Matthew 25:31-46 (sermon text).

Business - we sometimes use it as an excuse for self-time. Today's text puts time as a whole in perspective: when will Christ return? We see a picture of our glorious God, Judge, and King. He gathers all peoples of the world - all nations - who will then be separated like sheep and goats. Those who are His, on His right, are called "blessed of My Father." Wow! He has a place for each of those who are His.

Next, He commends the sheep (right) for their good deeds toward Him - rather, toward even the least of His brothers and sisters. They're dumbfounded. Likewise, He condemns the goats (left) for their lack of similar good deeds. The sheep and goats finally go in opposite directions.

Works-righteousness? No! Rather, what are we doing in anticipation of the end? Sure, He's coming soon. But He also comes often, unexpectedly, even daily or hourly. We don't "see" Him in this light too much. But the thing to remember is that Jesus, the Christ, entered time that He might empathize with us, for us, to forgive our misuses of time and ignorances of Him in the form of one of His brothers or sisters. Give of your time; don't use business as a club for self. Why? Because you are His sheep too.

Later this afternoon will be a concert. I'll try to find some links to well-performed versions of the pieces so you can enjoy it too.

Update:YouTube is notoriously deficient in this area. However, I did find this lovely recording (video) of SLANE (tune for "Be Thou My Vision"), which had a custom text written for my school's 2008-09 school year. Perhaps text later. My other favorite item of the evening was a setting of "Come, You Faithful, Raise the Strain" that I've sung several times at my home church.

Pentecost 27

Today's readings were Zephaniah 1:7-16, 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11, Matthew 25:14-30, and Psalm 90 (sermon text).

Do we number our days aright? Do we strive for a heart of wisdom? Realize that everything around us is impermanent - jobs, money, stability, a sense of community. Decay and death surround us. But, Moses says, keeping the end in view is essential. You and I were created for an eternal home (Psalm 90:1).

Consider the life and "homes" of Moses. First he was brought up by Pharaoh, then became nomadic for years. At the end, he couldn't even enter Canaan. But this reminded him to walk by faith in God, for God was his true destination. Likewise it is with us - God, our home, goes with us. We will not be homeless, but will rather be welcome. We've been created for that home.

Life is filled with transitions. Remember, though, that Life is more. Return to God, your true home. There is no permanent dwelling place apart from Him. Sin separates us from Him; abundant dispensed and imputed grace reunites us to Him. Admit your sinfulness, therefore, and flee to God.

This brings back memories of Pentecost 22.

Pentecost 26

Today's readings were Amos 5:18-24, 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18 (sermon text), and Matthew 25:1-13.

"We don't want you to be ignorant" about the dead in Christ. The first part of that sentence is for all teachers, the second for preachers in particular. The message: You are going to die. So is everyone you know, love, and everyone else. But what really happens when we die? Our perspective on death is decidedly limited.

Paul, though, does tell us what will happen on the Last Day. Some may doubt him - how do we know he's telling the truth and not a fantasy? What proof is there? Are we now misinformed instead of uninformed? Paul, in answer, gives two points: (1) Jesus Christ's resurrection guarantees ours. (2) He revealed this to Paul directly. Therefore we don't grieve hopelessly or need pity from unbelievers.

Pagans long ago viewed death, as many do today, with pure horror. We grieve as well - but we have a sure hope of resurrection and eternal life at the side of our Lord and Savior. Be encouraged by these words.

The Gospel reading adds: Stay awake. We don't know when He's coming back, only that He is. Be alert, ready, joyful in hope. Share your joy and hope with others so that they may be with us in heaven. Keep your attention fixed on the Bridegroom; rest in Him.

This sermon was particularly appropriate for me today, as I got the news this morning that my aunt, S, passed away late last night.

Pentecost 25

Today's readings were Micah 3:5-12, 1 Thessalonians 4:1-12, and Matthew 23:1-12 (sermon text).

"Posers." There are three main categories, all of which the Pharisees fit into quite well: pretending to be someone or something outwardly (e.g. a nurse) while not being thus at all inwardly; trying to resurrect a good past to pose in place of one's bad present; and trying to make rosy future promises pose in place of a poor present record. The Pharisees loved adulation and being seen by others, so of course they posed, especially in the areas of praying, fasting, and giving offerings. Posing tempts us sorely as well.

Stop posing, Christ tells us. He fills the needs that posing's vacancy leaves with something better and more satisfying: pointing. By pointing, our outward selves will come to match the Truth living inside of us. Baptism is like this - since through the Sacrament we are baptized into the death of Jesus Christ, we therefore walk in newness of life. Be fixed on this truth. The same is true with the Lord's Supper - the outward marks of bread and wine embody the inner truth of forgiveness and strengthening of faith, to which we should point.

Our past is Christ, who fought and won the fight that matters. We now live by faith, Christ in us, based on His past death and resurrection. That love was, is, and will always be true. Christ's promises for our future ought to be pointed to and lived as well. Children of God will see and be like Him; our future reality will be obvious: loved by God!

"Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever."

Technology

It is increasingly, disturbingly used for snooping on things that ought not to be snooped upon, at least in Britain. (MK et al., you've been complaining vehemently about this for some time.) However, there's always the upside - check out this story about a brain-damaged girl given the power to communicate verbally. MK, again, caught the connection too.

Happy 491st Reformation Day!

This evening was a special service, a German-style Mass (Deutsche Messe). About two hundred people gathered to sing Divine Service V in the LSB, complete with incense. How much better can you get? The sermon text was Romans 3:19-28; the other readings were Revelation 14:6-7 and John 8:31-36.

The Lutheran Church celebrates the three Solas - sola gratia (grace alone), sola fide (faith alone), sola Scriptura (Scripture alone). Some would say we insist on them to a fault. But is this really hair-splitting? Can't we compromise and let a little of our own works into the equation for salvation?

No. Sola gratia compromised ceases to be grace at all (Romans 11:6). It's fatal to compromise in matters of faith - doing so in life (e.g. which show to watch) works, but in doctrine it doesn't. Keeping the "alone" leads to freedom and absolute certainty of salvation, something no other religion has. If salvation is by works, then works can never be enough. We can't even say the Lord's Prayer once without being distracted!

God wants us to have no worry; therefore He took care of our salvation Himself. It's there for you, free to accept. Don't compromise it.

Yes, this is exclusivism. I stand by it.

Trying to avoid politics II

Even if I look to today's Science Journal, politics is still there. I yearn for the times before mandatory biomedical ethics and genetic-ethics courses. But at least someone finally deals with that pesky accusation of non-Obama voters being racist.

Reformation (observed)

Readings for today: Revelation 14:6-7, Romans 3:19-28, and John 8:31-36 (sermon text).

Freedom is loved here in America. But do we know exactly what true freedom
is? Does it match John 8:36? Not usually! Some of us use "freedom" sinfully - an
excuse to perform our own wills - really hedonism. Or we think about "freedom
from _____ [usually 'responsibility']." However, the sense in which Jesus uses
"free" is different: Christians have freedom from sin (as Adam and Eve
originally did) and from the fear of death (as all believers after the
Crucifixion).

All who sin are slaves to sin. This comes from using "freedom" as a license
to sin. But God became flesh freely to atone for you and me.
Now, free, we can stand before God and fellow man as His servants. We're free to
serve God.

How are we to use this freedom? Rejoice in it! We Lutherans can celebrate
it today in the feast of the Reformation. What do we celebrate? The Gospel of
Jesus Christ, keeping Him as the center of all things. This is easier with our
Scripture-soaked liturgy and the Scripture-summarizing Catechism. This is our
heritage, reminding us of our true freedom in Christ.

I'll try to put together a post for Reformation Day too; there's a special service that evening.

It's...a duck!

I found a story in today's Daily Mail about a duck-shaped tomato. Even with the stickers for eyes, though, it's not as realistic as it could be. But it did make me think of this Monty Python video. Enjoy!

Nov. 2: In Britain, Latin has gone from being a dead language to merely an injured one.

For the biologically technical

Hopeful news first, depressing second.

Could there be a cure for the common cold (I'd welcome it right now! Fie on my immune system!) in the near future? Scientists investigating the immune response to it are hopeful.

In case you're not in the mood for viruses and proteins, how about bacilli and enzymes? Eleven babies in a British NICU have come down with a drug-resistant E. coli strain, two with fatal results. The particular strain is ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing), meaning that the bacteria produce an enzyme that breaks down the beta-lactam ring in certain antimicrobial drugs.

Pentecost 23

Today's readings were Isaiah 45:1-7, 1 Thessalonians 1:1-10, and Matthew 22:15-22 (sermon text).

"Show me the money!" Jesus uses this phrase to expose the Pharisees' hypocrisy. They had tried, along with a few detested Herodians, to set Him up. Their plan was perfect...or so it seemed. Jesus replied to their two-way question, "Show Me a coin" and "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's."

We can learn much about our lives as Christians from the text. We have a duty to both our secular leaders (left-hand kingdom, in Luther's terminology) and to our heavenly King (right-hand kingdom), even if those secular leaders disobey God. The Kingdom is not about overthrowing earthly kingdoms.

The left-hand kingdom is meant to be a blessing and respected. Paul tells us to pray for our leaders. Don't expect a military or political messiah as the Jews of Christ's time did! Rather, don't pit left-hand against right-hand. Be a good citizen of both, not of neither, as Jesus demonstrated. Don't look to your pastor to tell you "how would Jesus vote." The pulpit (right-hand) is not a soapbox (left-hand) for a particular political candidate. Sermons about the person and work of Jesus Christ - not about left-hand matters - lend true comfort and wisdom. Appreciate your membership in both kingdoms.

This is so hard to apply, especially with the upcoming election! Pray for wisdom for yourself.

Great lengths

In today's Daily Mail is an article describing a stick insect almost four feet long. Thankfully, it doesn't prey on humans.

Last week, a few of my colleagues on a monarch-butterfly hunt captured a giant praying mantis instead. Even bigger than this one, and much more fearsome.

More later...

Thank you #1

One year ago I began blogging here. Thank you, readers and commenters, who motivated me so that I'm still here, one year, 443 posts, and over 4,830 page views later. I've had visitors from all over the world - including Sweden, Singapore, and Bahrain - and a wonderful network of readers and friends.

No Compromise, thank you for our recent conversation about why we blog.

MK &co, ever since I stumbled across all of your blogs, you've been fountainheads of information.

The Stiletto was the first blog I read regularly. We share many interests, and I am very thankful she has taken to blogging more frequently!

Angel, you've always been supportive of me, even though we've never met. Keep it up!

Cheryl, from the SiteMeter statistics, it looks like you've checked up on me even while on vacation! Here's to many more years of your quality blogging as well.

To everyone else who's read, commented, or met me in person, thank you.

Pentecost 22

Readings: Psalm 23 (sermon text), Isaiah 25:6-9, Philippians 4:4-13, and Matthew 22:1-14.

God is chasing you, wanting something you don't want to give Him. He wants your full devotion and heart, not just the major part of it. We flee, unwilling to give our lives and souls and freedom to Him. But look at the Psalm - goodness and mercy will literally "pursue" you. He wants as well to remove our sin through this chase. Agents include Christian parents, longsuffering friends, praying strangers.

We are His people, and not our own. Even as His children, though, we forget the abundant gifts He gives. The world can cause us to doubt the existence and presence of the love of Jesus. Has He moved on? No, says faith. Our hope lasts forever and is absolutely certain that He is with us as individuals! That changes us from a worldly, hopeless viewpoint. We see the chase differently.

God's hounding, perfect love drives all fear out of us. No enemy cannot be banished by Christ's rod and staff. "Do not fear; I have overcome." He is with us forever, walking with and carrying us. Such a good Shepherd would never abandon His beloved sheep. In addition, He is the active agent in the Psalm - He leads, walks alongside, and pursues me! He came to give us abundant, strong, overflowing life, the fruits of faith. Therefore nourish yourself on the life-giving, forgiving Word of God, Christ Jesus. Then, as you walk on the "paths [lit. wagon-tracks, very visible and straight] of righteousness," you will be surely guided toward heaven.

All my American readers in particular, thank God for guiding Columbus this day as well.

Responsibility

Exhibit A: Another reason to cut down on Starbucks - they're definitely doing their part to help the environment. NOT. But Daily Mail does show both sides of the story.

Exhibit B: Andrew Lloyd Webber aims to teach his children fiscal responsibility. Unfortunately, he could improve in the 6th-Commandment responsibility area.

Pentecost 21

Readings: Isaiah 5:1-7, Philippians 3:4b-14 (primary sermon text), and Matthew 21:33-46.

Sour grapes are what we end up acting like when we don't measure up to the Epistle's runner metaphor. The vineyard's owner is responsible for righting these things. God, the Owner of our souls, expected good fruit from His superbly-tended vineyard. What a sad "song of the vineyard" the OT reading turned out to be. It's even sadder when we realize that WE, too, are lazy, indifferent vines to blame for sour fruit. Therefore we should take to heart the awful law of God proclaimed in the text.

Yet we should also listen to the Gospel reading - a sort of self-fulfilling prophecy. Isaiah had been one of the servants sent to the vineyard. Finally, the Son - God's last appeal - was sent. Even though He is worthy of all respect and praise, He was shunned, crucified, and buried. But listen further - how was this turn of events "marvelous in our eyes"? Why did Jesus come to a willfully deaf world? Answer: He loves you and wanted to redeem you from sins that kill. The holy Son of God means forgiveness for us.

Therefore Paul says to "forget what lies behind" - sour grapes - and receive forgiveness from a God who remembers your sin no more.

Amen.

Pentecost 20

Readings: Ezekiel 18:1-4, 25-32; Philippians 2:1-18; and Matthew 21:23-32 (sermon text).

We're very competitive - but in talk only, or also in deed? Talk is cheap; the deed is what's tough. Look at today's parable: the vineyard work (metaphor for faith) to teach us to become faith-walkers and not only faith-talkers. It's Pharisees (talk only) versus tax collectors and prostitutes (walkers). Jesus call us to walk. But, like the first son, we vehemently say "No! Don't make me do it!" Yet later some of us do end up doing our Father's bidding, sacrificing our own selfish agendas. Many of us will also stay merely talkers - if even that.

There was a Son who both said and did "Yes." He did it in love, for He came to serve and to save. But why did He leave heaven for a time? He didn't have any obligation to spend 33 years with us ingrates. Remember, though: He was NOT primarily a role model! That cheapens Him. Rather, He did it to forgive sins (the Word that works) so that we may always walk with Jesus. We may not know where this walk leads, yet we have Him beside us, carrying us gently.

Walk thus: away from severed sins, on the path God has set you in, in the joy of God's forgiveness. You have the privilege of saying "Yes" to the Father's bidding. It's not just for trained church workers. Evidence of having said "Yes" is found in the expanding Kingdom, those with whom we have shared the Gospel of Christ.

The curious case of the 'Vader beetle'

If you have an aversion to pictures and discussion of beetles, slugs, and ravenous song sparrows, go on to the next post. Otherwise, here's some research I did on a beetle found on a routine plant-hunting expedition I was on recently. (Its nickname came from looking at it from the belly side. It uncannily resembles Darth Vader from that vantage point.)

First, a picture of the specimen (source):

Exhausting Googling gave me a tentative name: Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger). Given the name, I found out its habitat (native to Europe but spreading into the Midwest from the coasts - check, because my specimen was found in the heart of the Midwest), food (aphids, slugs), and what eats it (any insectivore in the area, basically). Its length is listed as Coincidentally, a colleague caught a song sparrow - listed in the field guide as a connoisseur of this carabid - a few days later in a live-animal trap that was only supposed to catch mammals.

Now share your beetle stories! Or correct my species identification.

Update: While walking on a wooded bluff the morning of 9/27/08, I spotted a juvenile individual of this species; it was about 12mm long and had yellowish legs. Leia, perhaps?

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 11, part 2

Below are some specific Biblical prophecies fulfilled hundreds of years later, on average.

• Tyre. Predictions are in Ezekiel 26:3-4, 7-8, 12, 14, 21. Fulfillment: Nebuchadnezzar broke its gates; Alexander the Great destroyed the city; Antigonus besieged it for 15 months; Muslims captured it; today, fishermen indeed "spread their nets there."
• Sidon. Predictions are in Ezekiel 28:22-23. Fulfillment: not destroyed; frequent wars ("blood in the streets" and a "sword on every side").
• Samaria. Predictions are in Hosea 13:16 and Micah 1:6. Fulfillment: it fell violently, was destroyed, and had vineyards planted in it.
• Gaza-Ashkelon. Predictions are in Amos 1:8, Jeremiah 47:5, and Zephaniah 2:4-7. Fulfillment: the twin cities were destroyed; the Philistines were driven out; shepherds came in, as did Judah's remnant.
• Moab-Ammon. Predictions are in Ezekiel 25:3-4 and Jeremiah 48:47, 49:6. Fulfillment: the cities were taken by eastern peoples for palaces; exiles returned.
• Petra and Edom. Predictions are in Isaiah 34:6-15, Jeremiah 49:17-18, Ezekiel 25:13-14, and Ezekiel 35:5-7. Fulfillment: the cities were emptied of people, conquered by Israel and heathen, and had a bloody history.
• Thebes and Memphis. Predictions are in Ezekiel 30:13-15. Their former names were No and Noph. Fulfillment: idols were destroyed, Thebes was burned, and there were no more native Egyptian rulers in either city.
• Nineveh. Predictions are in Nahum 1:8, 1:10, 2:6, 3:10, 3:13, and 3:19. Fulfillment: the city was drunken, flooded, burned, and became desolate.
• Babylon. Predictions are in Isaiah 13:19-22, 14:23, and Jeremiah 51:26, 43. Fulfillment: covered by swamps and desert creatures, desolate, like Sodom and Gomorrah.
• Chorazin, Bethsaida and Capernaum. Predictions are in Matthew 11:20-24. Fulfillment: destroyed throughout the course of history (Jesus didn't specify the means).
• Jerusalem enlarged. Predictions are in Jeremiah 31:38-40. Fulfillment: precise rebuilding through even today!
• Palestine. Predictions are in Leviticus 26:31-33 and Ezekiel 36:33-35. Fulfillment: Jews were dispersed, allowed to return, persecuted - and yet they thrived.
  

Pentecost 19

Today's readings: Isaiah 55:6-9; Philippians 1:12-14, 19-30; and Matthew 20:1-16 (sermon text).

Comparing wages - keeping up with the Joneses - is unfortunately a way of life for many of us. It can breed discontent, and often does. But when we know only our wages, we don't complain at all. Our human nature likes fairness. But are we satisfied when someone is truly fair?

The point of today's parable is God's fairness and generosity versus ours. Granted, the first workers did verbally agree for one denarius. Today's courts usually don't like the wage inequality, however. So we ask God, "How can You be so unfair?" Those who do less are given proportionately more. Where do you stand before God in respect to this? Do you work all day, every day? Or do you only work a little and infrequently?

Seen through the Law-lens, the point of this parable disappears, for God does not define Himself by the Law. Look at it by the Gospel instead. "Why did God give me this set of circumstances?" All we can know of the answer is that He has situated us in a place to do His will and be molded. All should get a chance to be His servants - even those who do less, who come in late.

Each of us "justly deserves temporal and eternal punishment." BUT! Remember that God's justice forgives you: He came down to earth as a human, lived out the Law, went through God's entire punishment for us. We did not earn this! But see the glorious mercy of God - what we really want, what we need, and what we get when we ask it of God. He is the God-Who-Forgives.

A hearty thank you to Exploring the Quran reader Dan, who sent Nashida the link to the HTML to put links to the ESV text by each Scripture reference.

That can wait a few more years!

Courtesy of GHF, a Sunday Daily Mail story. The headline says it all:

Church makes 'ludicrous' apology to Charles Darwin - 126 years after his death.

The comments there are, for the most part, pretty good. Paired with this story, it's even better. Very thought-provoking.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 11, part 1

Chapter 11 is the first in Part 3 (God at work in history and in human lives).

1. Definition of prophecy

• Extra-Biblical: a spoken or written word proclaiming God's will for the primary audience; a "sign."
• Scriptural: same as above plus divine inspiration, sometimes telling of future events (predictive prophecy).
  

2. Tests of a prophet

• False prophets often or always have "prophetic ecstasy" (e.g. Baal worshipers) induced by a certain type of music, for example.
• False prophets often occur in paid groups (e.g. under a king).
• Deuteronomy 18 (twisted by Muslims), Jeremiah 23, and Ezekiel 12:21-14:11 are extended sections on marks of false prophets.
  

3. Objection to predictive prophecy: post-dating. But here are some facts...

• The Septuagint was translated in 280-250 B.C. Therefore, the entire OT as we know it must have been complete before then.
• Ezekiel: the unusual dating system matches archeology perfectly.
• Even giving the critics generous benefit of the doubt, there is no way the prophecies could have all been written after the radically-claimed dates.
• Presuppositions of critics: history is a closed system; there is no God; there is no possibility for miracles (and therefore no predictive prophecy).
  

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 10, part 4

Don't worry, it's the end of this chapter. There's a whole other third part still to go! Bear with me.

The Hallucination Theory: all post-Resurrection appearances were hallucinations. But...

• Being an eyewitness was extremely important.
• Visions? Meaning: seems objective, but no actual, physical object is observed.
• The overwhelmingly typical type of person who hallucinates is "high-strung." However, the people who saw the risen Christ were psychologically diverse; very few were "high-strung."
• Hallucinations are very subjective and individualistic, brought on by familiar settings and wanting to see something. How could more than 500 people, for example, hallucinate the same thing at the same time?
• There are many textual examples (vide: Thomas) of physically seeing/touching/hearing the risen Christ.
• Familiar surroundings and certain time periods lead to hallucinations. But the actual circumstances were diverse and unlikely to induce visions.
• People who hallucinate generally want to. But the disciples saw Christ without wanting to - against their will.
• Hallucinations fade gradually, over months. But Christ's risen appearances stopped cold at the Ascension.

The Wrong Tomb theory: everybody forgot where Christ really lay. But...

• The women had seen the grave firsthand three days before (Matthew 27:61, Mark 15:47, and Luke 23:55).
• Upon hearing the women's report, the disciples ran to check (John 20:2-8).
• The angel attested that it was the right tomb (Matthew 28:6).
• Christ's enemies would definitely have gone to the right tomb for the body!
• AND Joseph of Arimathea - it was his tomb, after all.
• The women were purposeful and clear-headed, unlikely to mistake the tomb for another.

The conclusion: CHRIST IS RISEN! He is risen indeed!

Pentecost 18: Holy Cross Day

Readings: Genesis 50:15-21, Romans 14:1-12, and Matthew 18:1-35 (sermon text).

We often wish for "easy" or "fast-forward" buttons for life. But there are non. None for the painful process of giving forgiveness, either? See the Gospel text: Peter, the bold disciple, with many foibles, figures that seven acts of forgiveness is quite enough, a heroic act worthy of a divine pat on the back. Jesus' answer, 77 (or 7x70, depending on the manuscript) signifies an infinite number of acts of forgiveness. That sounds very slow and painful! Christ drives the point home with the parable following His dialog.

The king forgave (fast-forward!) the unpayable debt of the servant. God is even more magnanimous; He showers abundant absolution on us daily! Christ's extension (the actions of the first to the second servant) shows our reluctance to forgive (fast-forward) others who have sinned against us much less than He has forgiven us. We, slow to forgive, like Peter, expect a divine back-pat. How presumptuous!

It certainly isn't easy to forgive. Granted. Thus, to forgive, we must focus on Jesus' love for us, His merciful acts, instead of focusing on others' slights to us. Don't hit pause, stop, or rewind. Remember the free forgiveness you have received from God! You are now free to forgive others - share the gift.

Zoology news of the day

From Cool Pilot Brother, henceforth CPB: the Daily Express account of a gerbil traversing some, shall we say, unusual territory.

From Daily Mail: a bicapitate pokilotherm in pictures.

While we're on the subject of multiples, read about 'Yoda.'

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 10, part 3

Today we begin to wade through some of the "inadequate, concocted, explain-away hypotheses" that attempt to undermine the historicity of the Resurrection.

The Swoooooon [sic] theory: revived by spices and cool air. But...

• Soldiers, Joseph, and Nicodemus judged by their knowledge that He did die.
• A spear thrust + hours of horrible physical suffering = only a swoon?
• In the closed room and afterwards, He looked hale - not haggard - to His disciples.
• How could He have wriggled out of the grave cloths without disturbing the shape?
• AND rolled away the huge stone AND overpowered the guard?
• AND walked 7 miles to Emmaus AND claimed to have been resurrected?
• This hypothesis would also falsify the Ascension account, going at odds with Luke's character.

The Theft theory: the disciples (or someone else) stole the body. But...

• Enemies had no motive to steal the body; the disciples had no power to.
• The guards' testimony was trusted.
• Could the disciples have gotten past the guards AND broke the seal AND rolled away the stone?
• The disciples, at the time, were depressed and cowardly.
• If the soldiers had been asleep (as they claimed), how could they know that the disciples stole the body?
• Soldiers wouldn't have fallen asleep, under penalty of death - much less the entire guard of four, all at the same time.
• A stone of the size indicated would have taken too much effort and made too much noise to move.
• Robbers wouldn't re-wind grave cloths, even if they had had the time.
• Because of the honorable burial Christ had received, the disciples had no motive to move the body; there was nothing more they could do for it.
• Since the disciples didn't suspect or even understand the Resurrection at first, they wouldn't have tried to help it along.
• The disciples, as demonstrated in earlier chapters, had honorable character.
• Did the Jews move it? Then why didn't they produce the body?
• Did the Romans move it? That would have been directly counter Pilate's wish to keep peace.
• Did Joseph of Arimathea move it? He would have consulted or told the other disciples.
  

Pentecost 17: "Carefronting"

Today's readings were Ezekiel 33:7-16 (sermon text), Romans 13:1-10, and Matthew 18:1-20.

What is a watchman? One who sees problems, speaks to the offender, and addresses them. How to respond? Matthew expounds on offenses to us - but what about sins that don't affect us directly? Ezekiel tells us to point out the sins of our brothers and sisters in Christ, God's people. Why? The wicked person's blood - if we don't warn him - is on our hands.

Therefore we should warn our fellow Christian about his specific sin and its consequences. The ultimate consequence of sin is a slow death, both physical and (more important) spiritual.

We should also beware of our own self-righteousness. We too go from stealthy sin to full-blown rebellion, claiming cheap grace and possibly losing our salvation. We should not grow prideful in our warning of others - we should warn ourselves too.

Finally, since sins recur, we also need to point to Christ and His righteousness imputed to us. Show Jesus your sin, and your sin, Jesus. It needs no self-justification, but rather His forgiveness.

These tasks - "carefronting" - may entail risking the loss of a friendship. Many of us are afraid to "judge." But speaking a word of God, in caring confrontation, with an aim toward restoring the brother or sister to the faith, is not judging. It's reporting the liberating Word to them. Confront the person in love, therefore, because Christ's love for you and them compels you to.

Be Ezekiel, whose name means "God-strengthened." Let Christ's Word and sacraments give strength via forgiveness and faith to your humbled heart. Let Him go with you this week, and the next, and the next. Carefronting is very difficult. But the forgiveness it brings is a great reward.

Amen.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 10, part 2

This section deals with circumstances at the tomb of Christ.

Pre-Resurrection scenario

• Jesus was dead. Crucifixion was the worst means of death. See, again, the JAMA article (PDF).
• Tomb: plenty of textual evidence locating and describing it. Consider the events - why would each (e.g. Joseph of Arimathea asking for the body) have happened if there had been no tomb?
• Burial. Prof. Edersheim tells of burial customs.
• Stone: needed several men to move.
• Seal: a cord secured at both ends by sealing wax.
• Guard: faithful soldiers to Rome; neglecting their job meant death; probably 4 men total; no other dead prisoner was guarded like this!
• Disciples: scattered because they didn't expect a resurrection at all.

Post-Resurrection scenario

• The tomb was irrefutably empty.
• Grave clothes were neatly folded in two piles.
• The seal was broken.
• A Roman guard wouldn't have intentionally deserted or slept at its post.
• Post-Resurrection appearances of Jesus alive backed up apostolic witness. Over 500 people (see 1 Corinthians 15) saw Him.
• Silence of enemies - they couldn't produce the body, no matter how much they wanted to.

Established historical fact

• No one could refute the Resurrection by producing the body - because it wasn't there!
• Yet many still refused to believe.

Established psychological facts

• Disciples' lives were transformed; their accounts stand under cross-inspection.
• 1900 years of history; see chapter 12 in particular.
• Verdict: these facts count as subjective evidence for the truth of the Resurrection.

Established sociological facts

• Christian Church: founded on the Resurrection (see many passages in Acts).
• Worship: Sunday, not Saturday (a huge change from Judaism).
• Sacraments: Communion (celebrating His death - yet joyful because of the Resurrection) and Baptism (vs. circumcision - see Romans 6:1-6).
• Persistence of the Church through many centuries.

Next up (the final section of this chapter!): hypotheses cooked up to explain away the Resurrection as presented in the Scriptures, and why and how each fails to consider all of the evidence.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 10, part 1

Unfortunately, in the interests of summarizing, I had to omit virtually all of the quotes by various scholars and historians; there were an average of 10 for each major point. This chapter's title? "The Resurrection: hoax or history?" Biblical accounts are found in Matthew 28:1-11, Mark 16, Luke 24, and John 20-21.

1. The importance of the Resurrection

• Christianity is the only world religion based on a RESURRECTED personality. The Resurrection is thus the core of Christianity; without it, the religion would fall apart.
• Christ rose by His own power; the Resurrection is proof of His claim to be "the Son of God."
• According to Peter: the Resurrection (a) explained Jesus' death; (b) was prophesied; (c) was witnessed by the Apostles; (d) caused Pentecost; and (e) proved that Jesus Christ is indeed the King of kings.
• Restatement of the above: Christianity is a historical religion.
  

2. Christ's claims that He would rise from the dead

• Importance of claims: resurrection would be a wholly foolish claim if the person claiming thus couldn't do it or didn't know what would happen. The Jews (but, oddly, not the disciples, at least initially) took the claims seriously.
• Claims by Jesus: Matthew 12:38-40, 16:21, 17:9, 17:22-23, 20:18-19, 26:32, and 27:63. Mark 8:31-9:1, 9:10, 9:31, 10:32-34, 14:28, 14:58. Luke 9:22-27. John 2:18-22, 12:34, chs. 14-16.
  

3. Historical approach

• Resurrection as a time-space dimension historical event: The tomb is precisely defined; Jesus is demonstrably historical; guards and Sanhedrin were, too. Wilbur Smith: we know more about Christ's death than about the death of any other ancient person. "Many infallible proofs" (Acts 1) = strictest legal evidence.
• Legal/historical testimony: (here were gobs of quotes) Eyewitnesses were Paul and the Apostles. Luke's account consists of interviews with eyewitnesses. A quote by Ambrose Fleming (emph. added):

  We must take this evidence of experts as to the age and authenticity of this writing, just as we take the facts of astronomy on the evidence of astronomers who do not contradict each other. This being so, we can ask ourselves whether it is probable that such book, describing events that occurred about thirty or forty years previously, could have been accepted and cherished if the stories of abnormal events in it were false or mythical. It is impossible, because the memory of all elderly persons regarding events of thirty or forty years before is perfectly clear.

Later we get into even more quotes. Read the book for yourself if you'd like to see them all.

Pentecost 16

Today's readings: Jeremiah 15:15-21; Romans 12:9-21; and Matthew 16:21-28 (sermon concentrated on verse 24).

What's the usual reward for a right answer? Recognition? Glory? We know the answer to last week's question, "Who do you say that I am?" But look at today's text: the reward, apparently, is to bear our cross! The answer is not the end but the beginning. But we don't take up His cross - thank God! His cross is rooted, already having been carried, already having borne the infinite weight of all the world's sins. Let your sins stay there, and not take them up again.

This week, those in school have borne crosses of a sort - syllabi, new classes, etc. Instead of standardized syllabi, however, God tailors our crosses to what we need and includes some of what we love. "But that's not fair!" True, it's not identical. But what if "fair" meant "the same principle of individual appropriateness"? Christ says to each of us, "Take up your cross and follow Me."

This is difficult to accept. Lose your life to follow Christ - sacrifice your demand for the perfect, standardized set of talents, relatives, challenges, etc. Your cross, shaped like yourself, takes trust. Accept God's individualized plan for you, not desiring someone else's plan. Take what He's given you. After all, He is personal, near to you, knowing you, loving you, caring for you. He will provide a way under each test and temptation; He knows what you can bear. Having faced the Question, accept His answer.

The pastor this morning teaches, among other things, a class on the New Testament. If only he did have individualized syllabi...

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 9, part 4

Finally, here are OT prophecies literally fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

First Advent: fact (Genesis 3:15; Psalm 89:20; Ezekiel 34:24), time (Genesis 49:10; Daniel 9:24), divinity (Psalm 2:7, 11; Isaiah 9:6; Malachi 3:1), human generation (Genesis 12:3, 22:18; Isaiah 11:1).
Forerunner: Isaiah 40:3; Malachi 3:1, 4:5.
Nativity/early years: fact (Genesis 3:15; Isaiah 7:14), place (Numbers 24:17, 19), adoration by Magi (Psalm 72:10, 15; Isaiah 60:3, 6), descent into Egypt (Hosea 11:1); massacre of innocents (Jeremiah 31:15).
Mission/office: like Melchizedek (Psalm 110:4), like Moses (Deuteronomy 18:!5), conversion of Gentiles (Isaiah 11:10, 42:1; Joel 2:32), in Galilee (Isaiah 9:1-2), miracles (Isaiah 35:5-6, 42:7, 53:4), spiritual graces (Psalm 45:7), preaching (Psalm 2:7, 78:2), purification of the Temple (Psalm 69:9).
Passion: rejected by Jews and Gentiles (Psalm 2:1, 41:5, 69:8; Isaiah 53:1, 65:2), persecuted (Psalm 22:6, 109:2), triumphal entry (Psalm 8:2; Zechariah 9:9), betrayed by friend (Psalm 55:13; Zechariah 13:6), for 30 silver pieces (Zechariah 11:12), betrayer's death (Psalm 109:17), potter's field (Zechariah 11:13), deserted by disciples (Zechariah 13:7), false accusation (Psalm 109:2), silence when accused (Isaiah 53:7), mocking (Psalm 22:7-8, 16), abuse by soldiers (Isaiah 50:6), patient in suffering (Isaiah 53:7-9), crucified (Psalm 22:14, 17), gall/vinegar offered (Psalm 69:21), prayed for enemies (Psalm 109:4), cries on the Cross (Psalm 22:1, 31:5), died in the prime of life (Psalm 102:24), died with evildoers (Isaiah 53:9, 12), nature reacted (Amos 5:20; Zechariah 14:4, 6), cast lots (Psalm 22:18), bones not broken (Psalm 34:20), pierced (Psalm 22:16; Zechariah 12:10, 13:6), voluntary death (Psalm 40:6-8), suffered vicariously (Daniel 9:26), buried with the rich (Isaiah 53:9).
Resurrection: Psalm 16:8-10, 41:10; Hosea 6:2.
Ascension: Psalm 16:11, 68:18, 118:19.
Second coming: Isaiah 9:6-7; Zechariah 14:4-8; 1 Chronicles 17:11-14; Daniel 7:14.

The next several posts will be about the very long chapter 10, discussing the Resurrection.

W. E. Messamore's letter to the ELCA

Messamore, author of the excellent blog (which I don't read quite as often as I'd like to) Slaying Dragons, asked me to consider this post and perhaps post its entirety here. Since he deserves traffic too, here is an excerpt:

Confrontation is sometimes necessary. I'm not writing it off as an inherent evil. But good, charitable conversation is preferable when possible, should be completely exhausted before moving on to full-blown rhetorical confrontation, and is usually far more effective at helping both parties to see and overcome flaws in their beliefs for their betterment.

That said, the following is my own letter to ELCA, addressing the same issues and hopefully in a more conversational way:

----------------------------------------

+ In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Amen. ...

A good start! Read the rest on his blog.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 9, part 3

More about prophecies etc. This is a very long chapter.

4. Prophecies fulfilled confirm Jesus as the Christ, Son of God.
* Objection: Jesus deliberately fulfilled the prophecies concerning Himself.
* Answer: Many were beyond His human control - the place, time, and manner of His birth.
* Objection: Fulfillment was coincidental.
* Answer: No one else fulfills anywhere near all of the 61 above prophecies, let alone the others listed below.
* Time of the Messiah's coming:
- Removal of the scepter: Genesis 49:10. Began with Herod the Great.
- Destruction of the Temple: Malachi 3:1, Daniel 9:26. After the Messiah died.
* Fulfilled prophecies (double fulfillment is common).
- The text: Daniel 9:24-27 (the "seventy sevens" prophecy).
- Interpretation:
> Main features: two princes (Messiah and a prince to come), time period (70 weeks, both as a unit and as 7 + 62 + 1), specified start time, Messiah's appearance at the end of 69 weeks, Jerusalem and the Temple destroyed, covenant made between the people and the second prince, and Israel's final, eternal righteousness.
> Time measurement: Jewish "week" = "seven"; could stand for days or years. Example: Leviticus 25:2-4, 8. Years make sense here.
> Length of prophetic year: usually 360 days.
> Beginning of 70 sevens: Artaxerxes's decree to Nehemiah in 444 B.C. fits best.
> First 7 sevens: prophecy ended and Jerusalem was restored 40 (7 x 7) years after.
> 69-70 sevens: Messiah was cut off (crucified), Jerusalem and the Temple destroyed.

Pentecost 15

From the outdoor service this morning. Except for my not knowing the tunes to certain uber-modern Christian songs and for the mikes squealing after the sermon, it was lovely. The readings were Isaiah 51:1-6, Romans 11:33-12:8, and Matthew 16:13-20 (sermon text).

Identity issues - examples include various superheroes (e.g. no one knowing that Clark Kent is really Superman until the very end). Contrast who people think someone is. As with Jesus - something about Him mystified people. He knew His purpose but didn't reveal His identity to the crowds. In the text, His disciples (for once) answer His question correctly: "Who do you say that I am?" Their answer was given by god - no humans could have deduced that. Or could they? It seems obvious, but what does it mean?

We know about our hope. However, our lives still have trouble. God's concept of being a "superhero" is rather to be with us in our trouble. Yes, even Christ's death ("but I could have planned better than that!") was necessary. Therefore, since we can't figure out God's plan, we can only entrust Him with our lives and souls. He works in mysterious ways. His hope and peace, in the truth that Jesus, the Christ, is Son of the living God, enable us to trust His plan.

The gifts He leaves us are less visible - forgiveness, grace, His Spirit. The only answer to life is Jesus Christ, crucified, God incarnate, came to save you. He holds you in His hands.

Psalm 139:9-10 is the theme for this academic year. What a tremendous comfort it is!

Pentecost 14

Readings: Isaiah 56:1, 6-8; Psalm 67; Romans 11:1-2a, 13-15, 28-32; and Matthew 15:21-28 (sermon text; DP has an interesting discussion here).

Jesus says and does confusing (to us, at least) things. This story is perhaps the hardest for us, but the best for us Gentiles.

Context: chapter 15 begins with the Pharisees and scribes following Jesus not to learn but to criticize. They looked only at the outside; the real problem is the heart. So Jesus departed, physically and metaphorically, from them. Tyre and Sidon were outside ancient Israel's borders. Canaanites, the inhabitants, were outsiders. So the woman in the text rejected centuries of culture and idols, begging Christ for mercy - healing in exchange for nothing.

But Jesus ignored her! The disciples were less than merciful. Aside, He seemed to cross the line of rudeness. She persisted. He tested her faith (Jews called Gentiles "dogs"). She entreated Him again, being willing to receive whatever He gave. Seeing her faith, He healed her daughter (the other time He commended someone's faith was in the instance of the Roman centurion; this aptly demonstrates Matthew 28:19).

This story tells of faith - empty, humble believers who receive God's gifts. We should fear Satan and his demons, as did the woman, for he wants to separate us from Christ. Likewise, we should believe that Jesus can and does rescue us from all this. Remember also your heritage: Jesus fulfilled the promises prophesied. By Baptism we are heirs of Abraham's promises, given by God. God incarnate is our Lord and Christ! See that you are empty; receive even the crumbs from the Master's table. He will give you much, much more (vide the feeding of the 5000 + women + children with 12 baskets of crumbs left over): a full meal of life! Christ is all when we are nothing. Only He remains.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 9, part 2

More meat! I hope you all are enjoying this. Here are more prophecies.

Events after Christ's burial

• Resurrection: Psalm 16:10 --> Acts 2:31.
• Ascension: Psalm 68:18a --> Acts 1:9.
• Seated at God's right hand: Psalm 110:1 --> Hebrews 1:3.

29 prophecies fulfilled in one day in the person of Jesus Christ

• Betrayed by a friend: Psalm 41:9 --> Matthew 10:4.
• Sold for 30 silver pieces: Zechariah 11:12 --> Matthew 26:15.
• Money thrown into God's house: Zechariah 11:13b --> Matthew 27:5a.
• Price given for a potter's field: Zechariah 11:13b --> Matthew 27:7.
• Forsaken by disciples: Zechariah 13:7 --> Mark 14:50.
• False witnesses: Psalm 35:11 --> Matthew 26:59-60.
• Mute before accusers: Isaiah 53:7 --> Matthew 27:12.
• Wounded and bruised: Isaiah 53:5 --> Matthew 27:26.
• Smitten and spit upon: Isaiah 50:6 --> Matthew 26:67.
• Mocked: Psalm 22:7-8 --> Matthew 27:31.
• Fell under the cross: Psalm 109:24-25 --> John 19:17 and Luke 23:26.
• Hands and feet pierced: Psalm 22:16 --> Luke 23:33.
• Crucified with thieves: Isaiah 53:12 --> Matthew 27:38.
• Interceded for persecutors: Isaiah 53:12 --> Luke 23:24.
• Rejected by His own people: Isaiah 53:3 --> John 7:5, 48.
• Was hated without a cause: Psalm 69:4 --> John 15:25.
• Friends stood far off: Psalm 38:11 --> Luke 23:49.
• People shook their heads in derision: Psalm 109:25 --> Matthew 27:39.
• Was stared upon: Psalm 22:17 --> Luke 23:35.
• Garments parted, lots cast: Psalm 22:18 --> John 19:23-24.
• Thirst: Psalm 69:21 --> John 19:28.
• Gall and vinegar: Psalm 69:21 --> Matthew 27:34. Myrrh stupefies.
• Forsaken cry: Psalm 22:1a --> Matthew 27:46.
• Committed Himself to God: Psalm 31:5 --> Luke 23:46.
• Bones not broken: Psalm 34:20 --> John 19:33.
• Heart broken: Psalm 22:14 --> John 19:34. Death --> blood + water.
• Side pierced: Zechariah 12:10 --> John 19:34.
• Darkness over the land: Amos 8:9 --> Matthew 27:45.
• Buried in a rich man's tomb: Isaiah 53:9 --> Matthew 27:57-60.

Suggested reading: "On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ" (a PDF from JAMA).

Yes, there will be more of the same tomorrow.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 9, part 1

This lengthy chapter deals with Messianic prophecies, their fulfillment, and answers to various objections to them.

1. Introduction.
* Purpose of Messianic prophecy
- Numbers 23:19 - God's word and knowledge are perfect.
- Isaiah 46:9-10 - God's will is supreme.
- Isaiah 48:3, 5; Romans 1:2-4 - God the Messiah's credentials make Him known.
* Appeal to Messianic prophecy
- Jesus: Matthew 5:17; Luke 24:27, 44; John 5:39, 40, 46-47; Matthew 13:14, 11:10, 21:42, 26:56; Mark 13:26; Luke 4:20-21, 22:37; John 15:25.
- NT writers: Acts 3:18, 10:43, 13:29, 17:2-3; 1 Corinthians 15:3-4; Romans 1:2; 1 Peter 2:5-6; Matthew 2:4-6.
- Levitical feasts: Passover --> 1 Corinthians 5:7; Unleavened Bread --> 1 Corinthians 5:8; First Fruits --> 1 Corinthians 15:23; Pentecost --> Acts 1:5, 2:4; Trumpets --> Matthew 24:31; Atonement --> Romans 11:26; Tabernacles --> Zechariah 14:16-18.
* Significance of predictive prophecy. It logically implies...
- a divine mind behind the OT and NT.
- the fact of God.
- the deity of Jesus.
- the inspiration of the Bible.
2. The OT has over 300 Messiah references fulfilled in Jesus.
* Objection: self-fulfilling because they were written at/after Christ's time.
* Answer: Even if you doubt 450 B.C. as the finishing point of the OT, still remember that the Septuagint was done in 250 B.C. That's still 250 years MINIMUM.

We get into the good stuff tomorrow, very meaty sections.

Pentecost 13

We had a guest pastor today. The readings were Job 38:4-18, Psalm 18, Romans 10:5-17, and Matthew 14:22-33 (sermon text).

Our stories are those of being ungodly, hurt, and so on. The disciples had stories like these too. An imminent wreck of a boat isn't the best place to be. But Jesus was calm, walking on water - exactly opposite in every way. The water, therefore, was safer than the boat. Peter exited the boat - but why did he get wet? If we act like him (jumping out), we get either prideful or fearful.

The text is NOT about Peter, you, or even faith! The text is ALL about Jesus. He decided to walk on the water; He called Peter; He loved Peter enough to be pulled down. He loved each of us enough to be nailed to the cross.

Also joining me were Cheryl with other Martin Loopers (of which I hope to be a member in an indeterminate number of years) including Elephant's Child, Rebellious Pastor's Wife, Boots on the Ground, and a few assorted blogging children.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 7

This chapter deals with C. S. Lewis's "trilemma" - whether Jesus Christ is a liar, a lunatic, or Lord. Recently introduced into this has been a fourth option (making it a quadrilemma?), legend. But, given the evidence in chapter 4, this isn't feasible.

1. Who is Jesus? Impossible for Him to be only a great moral teacher. Also impossible to separate the Man from His teachings.
2. Is He God? He claimed deity. This claim is either true or false. If it is false, and He did know that it was false...
3. Was He a liar? If so, He was a hypocrite, had a demon, and was a fool because His claims got Him crucified. If, on the other hand, He didn't know that His claims were false...
4. Was He a lunatic? If so, He couldn't have been part of the straight-monotheistic Jewish culture. His demeanor was calm - not feverish, overly enthusiastic, or wild.
5. LORD. John 20:31.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 6

From page 97 - William Biederwolf:

A man who can read the New Testament and not see that Christ claims to be more than a man, can look all over the sky at high noon on a cloudless day and not see the sun.

* * * * * * *

Direct claims to deity

Trial

• Mark 14:61-64.
• The Jews understood His words as a claim to being God. The Sanhedrin indirectly (ironically) claimed it too!

Other claims

• Equality with the Father. John 10:30-33 - "One" in Greek denotes a single essence or nature. John 15:17-18 - "My" - not "our" - Father implies that Jesus claims the same level as God.
• "I AM." John 8:58. Claim to absolute deity (see Exodus 3:14, for example).
• Due same honor as the Father. John 5:23-24.
• "To know Me." John 8:19.
• "Believe in Me." John 14:1.
• "He who has seen Me . . ." John 14:9.
• "I say unto you" is parallel to "Thus says the LORD." Example: Matthew 5:20.

Requesting/accepting worship as God

• Reserved for God alone - John 4:20-22; Acts 8:27; John 4:24; Matthew 4:10; Luke 4:8.
• Accepted worship - Matthew 8:2, 14:33; John 9:35-39, 20:27-29.
• Contrasted to others - Acts 10:25-26; Revelation 19:10.

What others said

• Paul - Philippians 2:9-11; Titus 2:13.
• John the Baptist - Luke 3:22.
• Peter - Matthew 16:15-17; Acts 2:36.
• Thomas - John 20:26-29.
• Author of Hebrews - 1:8.
• Stephen - Acts 7:59.

Indirect claims to deity - too numerous to list

• Able to forgive sins - Mark 2:5ff; Luke 7:48ff.
• Immutable - Hebrews 13:8 (see Malachi 3:6).
• Life embodied - John 14:6.
• Containing life - 1 John 5:11-12.
• Having authority - John 5:27.

Titles and their implications

YHWH - Lord

• Jews didn't pronounce it out of reverence.
• Christ's claim - the seven "I Am" statements.

Son of God

• Implies uniqueness and coequality, being coeternal with the Father.

Son of Man

• Earthly ministry, when referring to Himself.
• Foretelling His death - since His deity could not die on the cross, His humanity had to.
• Talking about His second coming - He will come not in spirit alone, but also in body.

Abba - "Father"

• The Aramic means "Daddy" - the most intimate of terms in addressing someone.
• Jews used the more deferential Abhinu.
  

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 5

This chapter lays important foundations, the historicity of Jesus Christ.

Christian sources for Jesus' historicity

• Books of the NT (27) - reliable (see ch. 4).
• Church Fathers - Polycarp, Eusebius, Irenaeus, etc.

Non-Biblical sources

• Cornelius Tacitus (born A.D. 52-54) - Crucifixion; Roman Christians.
• Lucian of Samosata - satirical, scornful of Christians and Christ.
• Flavius Josephus (born A.D. 37) - Jewish historian.
• Suetonius (A.D. 120) - wrote of persecution of Christians.
• Pliny the Younger (A.D. 112) - same.
• Tertullian (A.D. 197) - defended Christianity.
• Thallus (A.D. 52) - referenced the Crucifixion's darkness, at the wrong time for an eclipse.
• Phlegon - same.
• Mara Bar-Serapion - referenced Christ as among wise men.
• Justin Martyr (A.D. 150) - details of Crucifixion.
• Talmuds - historical details of Christ's life and death.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica - more than 20,000 words about Him (more than other famous historical figures. States that grounds for non-historicity are flimsy and illogical.).
  

Pentecost 12

Readings: Isaiah 55:1-5; Psalm 78; Romans 9:1-5; and Matthew 14:13-21 (sermon text).

What did Jesus hear (v. 13)? About the beheading of His cousin, John the Baptist. This explains why He withdrew - being 100% human, He was distraught. A prelude/premonition to His own gruesome death - the reason He came to earth. But instead of solitude, He got more crowds. So He had splagchna on them, healing their sick. But that wasn't His mission; the crowds didn't understand. They wanted a bread-king. When the miracles stopped, they crucified Him. The miracles' purpose was to show His divinity. He gives bread for our souls.

The day wore on; the disciples became pragmatic. Jesus told them to find food (after all, they had just come back from evangelizing and casting out demons!). Their actions showed, then, lack of trust in God. Remember that you - all people - do not live as if you trust in Him either. But Jesus took the paltry food they found, had the crowd sit on the grass (as a good Shepherd does), said a blessing (His total life was in God's presence), and broke the loaves (the first instance of many), making them much (12 baskets!) more than enough. Therefore He is perfectly capable of caring for you.

God's mercy is indeed a marvel. He provides for our bodies and souls, "eyes, ears, and all my members, my reason and all my senses."

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 4, part 2

Assorted interesting facts

• Nelson Glueck: archeology has never contradicted the Bible.
• Critics used to treat Genesis 11-50 as legend; much has now been proven fact.
• Ebla Kingdom: Pentateuch was written near the time of the events described.

OT examples

• Origin of civilization was in Mesopotamia (whence the Genesis record traces man).
• Origin of diverse languages (Alfredo Trombetti thinks perhaps all languages) at Babel.
• Horites (in Esau's lineage; resembles the Hebrew word for cave) were not cave-dwellers.
• Jericho's walls did fall outward (unlike normal walls), allowing Israel to charge in.
• Abraham was most definitely a historical being.

NT examples

• Luke is among the top historians - very accurate details about the time period, geography, customs, etc.
• Pool of Bethesda.

My notes for this chapter, unfortunately, do no justice to the quotes therein.

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 4, Part 1

Today's topic is the Bible's confirmation by historical texts. This means that we can trust our present-day manuscripts of Scripture as being the same as the original text, or very nearly so.

Bibliographical test: number and time-spacing of manuscripts (MSS)

(1) NT:
- Over 5300 Greek MSS, more than 10,000 Vulgate (Latin) MSS, over 9300 others = 24,600+ total copies of all or part(s) of the New Testament.
- Contrast the Iliad (coming second in the list of decreasing MSS support): 643 MSS, 1st copy in 1200s A.D. NT gap: 250-300 years, essentially nothing in MS-dating terms. NT has 0.5% doubtful text vs. 5% for the Iliad.
- Kenyon: no doctrine has alternate readings.
- Versions: Syraic, Latin, Greek; lectionaries.
- J. Greenlee: Church fathers quoted almost the entire NT.
(2) OT:
- Talmudists (A.D. 100-500): at least 17 extremely precise regulations for copying MSS.
- Masoretes (A.D. 500-900): obsessed with counting (line numbers, middle letters of books, etc.); added vowel marks for correct pronunciation.
- Hebrew text: Cairo Codex (A.D. 895), Prophets of Leningrad (A.D. 916), Codex Babylonicus Petropalitanus (A.D. 1008), Aleppo Codex (A.D. 900+), etc.
- Dead Sea Scrolls (125 B.C.): exact Isaiah scroll, etc. >95% accrate. 5% = spelling errors.
- Septuagint (285-246 B.C., in Greek): very close to Masoretic text.
- Samaritan Text (5th c. B.C.): Pentateuch.
- Targums (A.D. 500): paraphrases.
- Mishnah (A.D. 200): exposition and quotations.
- Gemaras: commentaries.
- Midrash (100 B.C. - A.D. 300): quotes.
- Hexapla ("sixfold): very like Masoretic text.

Internal test: three points to remember (whether a MS agrees with itself)

(1) Benefit of the doubt should be on the text, not on the critic. Problems aren't necessarily mistakes in the text.
(2) Primary source value: the authors wrote as eyewitnesses (e.g. John 19:35).
(3) Competent primary sources - because they date between A.D. 50-75.

External evidence text: whether outside sources (below) agree with the MSS

Extra-Biblical authors:
- Eusebius - Mark faithfully wrote down Peter's words.
- Papias - Matthew wrote accurately.
- Irenaeus - Gospel writers indeed wrote them.
- Clement of Rome - uses Bible as authentic.
- Ignatius - knew Apostles personally.
- Polycarp - martyred for trusting in Scripture.
- Flavius Josephus - confirms accuracy of Gospel accounts.
- Tatian - arranged Diatessaron (first harmony of the Gospels).

Tomorrow: Part 2 (Confirmation by Archeology).

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapters 2 and 3

Chapter 2: How was the Bible prepared?

Materials used

• Writing materials: papyrus (common, perishable; oldest from 2400 B.C.); parchment (animal skins); vellum (calfskin); ostraca (potsherds); stones (written on with iron); clay tablets; wax tablets.
• Writing instruments: chisel (for stones); metal stylus (for clay/wax); pen (for vellum, parchment, and papyrus); ink (charcoal, gum, and water).

Forms of ancient books

• Rolls/scrolls: papyrus sheets around a stick. Average length: 20-35'.
• Codex/book: like ours. Both sides had writing.

Types of writing

• Uncial: "bookhand," upper-case. In Codex Vaticanus and Sinaiticus.
• Miniscule: more like cursive. Greek had words with no spaces - but if read by syllables, easy to understand.

Divisions

• Books (see Hebrew canon - chapter 3).
• Chapters: 586 B.C. Pentateuch = 154 sedarim. 630s B.C. 54 parashiyyath + 669 small sections. 250-350 A.D. Greeks made divisions. 1227 A.D. Modern chapter divisions.
• Verses: standardized ca 900 A.D.

Chapter 3: the canon

Introduction

• Canon = standard-length "reed/cane." List or "rule of faith." The Church recognized inspired books - not arbitrary choice.
• Tests for a prospect (see 2 Peter 3:16): (1) authoritative ("thus says the Lord"); (2) prophetic (from one to whom God spoke); (3) authentic ("if in doubt, throw it out"); (4) dynamic (came with God's power); and (5) received/collected/read/used (accepted by God's people).

Old Testament (OT) canon

• Factors: (1) Temple was destroyed in 70 A.D. --> needed unification. (2) Christianity rose --> need to exclude the Gospels etc.
• Hebrew canon: Torah ("law"), Prophets, Writings. 24 total.

Christ's witness to OT canon

• Luke 24:44 - all (i.e. in all 3 divisions of the canon) was fulfilled about Christ.
• John 10:31-36; Luke 24:44 - canon contrasted with oral traditions.
• Luke 11:51; Matthew 23:25 - whole span of Scripture.

Extra-Biblical testimonies

• ca 130 B.C. - Ecclesiasticus noted the 3 divisions.
• Josephus - canon preserved, pristine.
• Talmud: (1) Tosefta Yadaim 3:5 excludes other books. (2) Seder Olam Rabba 30 delineates prophecy and sayings. (3) Babylonian Talmud, Tractate "Sanhedrin" VII-VIII, 24 notes end of Israel's prophecy after Malachi.
• Melito (bishop of Sardis, ca 170 A.D.): oldest dated OT canon.
• Today's Jewish canon: from Mishnah (5th c. A.D.).

New Testament (NT) witness to OT as Scripture: Matthew 21:42; 22:29; 26:54, 56; Luke 24; John 5:39; 7:38; 10:35; Acts 17:2, 11; 18:28; Romans 1:2; 4:3; 9:17; 10:11; 11:2; 15:4; 16:26; 1 Corinthians 15:3-4; Galatians 3:8, 22; 4:30; 1 Timothy 5:18; 2 Timothy 3:16; 2 Peter 1:20-21; 3:16.

Council of Jamnia: debated hard, confirmed the canon.

OT Apocrypha

• From Greek apokruphos: "hidden or concealed." Jerome first spoke of them. Roman Catholic church added.
• Excluded from canon because (1) inaccurate and anachronistic; (2) false/contrary doctrines/practices; (3) literary styles at odds with the purported author; (4) lack of divine character.
• Summaries (from Ralph Earle, How We God Our Bible): * 1 Esdras (150 B.C.): post-exile legends * 2 Esdras (A.D. 100): seven confusing end-times visions * Tobit (200s B.C.): short Pharisaic novel teaching works-righteousness * Judith (150s B.C.): novel with plot like the story of Jael (Judges 4:17-22) * additions to Esther (100 B.C.): supposed prayers of Esther/Mordecai * Wisdom of Solomon (A.D. 40): like Proverbs * Ecclesiasticus (180 B.C.): same; Anglicans use it * Baruch (A.D. 100): urges Jews to submit to the emperor * Susanna (100s B.C.): fiction added to Daniel * Bel and the Dragon: Daniel 14; stories about idolatry's folly * Song of the 3 Hebrew Children: after Daniel 3:23; imitates Psalms * Prayer of Manasseh (200s B.C.): to supplement 2 Chronicles 33:19 * 1 Maccabees (100s B.C.): good source of history * 2 Maccabees: parallel, more legendary. *
  
• Historical testimonies of exclusion of apocrypha from canon: * Philo (20 B.C.-A.D. 40) never quoted Apocrypha as inspired * Josephus "explicitly excludes them * Jesus and the NT writers never quote them * Council of Jamnia (A.D. 90) excluded them * Only after 500 A.D. did some recognize them as inspired * Church fathers denounced them - also Jerome (340-420), Roman Catholic Church through the Reformation period, and the Reformers * Council of Trent fought (A.D. 1546) to include them.

NT canon

• Tests: inspiration, apostolicity (sub-test).
• NT canonical books... * Reasons: (1) Marcion's (140 A.D.) heretical canon; (2) Eastern churches' use of doubtful books; (3) Edict of Diocletian (A.D. 303) ordered Scripture destroyed (die for the right Book!) * Athanasius (A.D. 367): earliest present-day list * Jerome/Augustine defined it more exactly * Polycarp (A.D. 115) et al. treated OT/NT canons as Scripture * Justin Martyr (A.D. 100-165) did likewise * Irenaeus (A.D. 180) agreed with NT canon * Ignatius (A.D. 50-115) cited Peter/Paul as apostles * Councils...

NT Apocrypha (only a partial list)

• Epistle of Pseudo-Barnabas (ca A.D. 70-79)
• Epistle to the Corinthians (ca A.D. 96)
• 2nd Epistle of Clement (ca A.D. 120-140)
• Shepherd of Hermas (ca A.D. 115-140)
• Didache, Teaching of the Twelve (ca A.D. 100-120)
• Apocalypse of Peter (ca A.D. 150)
  

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Chapter 1

As before, make your own questions.

Ways in which the Bible is unique

• Continuity. Over 1500 years, 40 generations, 40+ authors, diverse locations, times, moods, continents, languages, genres, etc. Unified diversity.
• Circulation. Billions. Overall bestseller since Gutenberg.
• Translation. Thousands of translators, hundreds of languages. One of the first major works translated.
• Survival. More manuscript support than any 10 classical texts combined. Careful scribes who counted letters. Persecuted and criticized (e.g. rulers, scholars, Muslims).
• Teachings. Prophecy (diverse, unique, sometimes centuries in advance), history (extremely accurate and clear), personalities (honest about human flaws, unlike Qur'an).
• Influence on literature. Bible could be reconstructed from quotations in various literary works. See Cleland B. McAfee, The Greatest English Classic, p. 134.
  

Evidence that Demands a Verdict: Introduction

My notes follow. Write your own questions for them, if you wish.

Use of apologetics

• "What is your hope?" (1 Peter 3:15) - because Jesus Christ rules you.
• Not apologizing or excusing oneself for something.
• See also Acts 22:1, 25:16; 1 Corinthians 9:3; 2 Corinthians 7:11; Philippians 1:7, 16; 2 Timothy 4:16. Answers "Why are you a Christian?"
• Christianity is an all-or-nothing religion.

Christianity as fact: historical!

• D. E. Jenkins; Clark Pinnock. What about the logical side?

The best defense

• A good offense (i.e. Christ's claims). See Hebrews 4:12.

Misconceptions

• "Blind faith." But one loves what one knows. See Matthew 22:37; 2 Timothy 1:12; John 8:32. Reasonable faith.
• "Only your belief matters." But the power is in the object of faith, i.e. Christ. See 1 Corinthians 15:14. Quantity of faith matters less.
• "____ doctrine/event is a myth." But eyewitnesses (e.g. 2 Peter 1:16) ensure that a given event (e.g. the virgin birth) applied to an actual individual. See also 1 John 1:1-3; Luke 1:1-3; Acts 1:1-3; 1 Corinthians 15:6-8; John 20:30-31; Acts 10:39-42; 1 Peter 5:1; Acts 1:9.
• "Others didn't think the same way." But New Testament writers told critics (Acts 2:22, 26:24-28) that "you saw this too!"
• Presupposition: "There can't be a God because philosophy says so." But John Warwick Montgomery says that this is a poor way to investigate history. Presuppositions "of substantive content" assume "a body of truth already" that may be faulty - vs. presuppositions "of method" that will "yield truth." History is not a closed system; facts should be relied upon more than philosophy.
• "Blind leap into the dark." But honestly studied evidence makes it rather a "step into the light." Choose "historical probability" over "100% provable."
• "It's anti-intellectual." But people have motives (e.g. Bertrand Russel) for choosing not to believe. Reasons: ignorance (Romans 1:18-23; Matthew 22:29), pride (John 5:40-44), or a moral problem (John 3:19-20).